Articles

The article, based on the results of an empirical study, devoted to some features of the formation of modern youth planning horizons. The images of the country’s future in the next five and ten years were considered and compared. Young Russians’ planning horizons are mostly blurred and include assumptions about many risks and challenges that the country may face. Young citizens rarely see themselves as an active actor participating in the creation of the fate of the Motherland. The obtained results allow us to state that when forecasting the future of the country, the topics of transformation of the political system are more relevant for young Russians than the topics of economic, technological and cultural development. The image of the future is noticeably politicized. There is a significant differentiation of young people with respect to political orientations. It determines optimism and pessimism in assessments of the future of the country. The study allows us to speak about the preservation of problems, at the moment supported by the generational specificity of political socialization, requiring attention in the formation of national and state identity in Russian society.

The article demonstrates the possibility of identifying discrepancies between respondents’ perceptions of what constitutes their personal success and what they consider to be the indicators of success for future Russia, through the use of reversible modes of stimulus material presentation. The materials of empirical research are presented, confirming the validity of the assumption that the productivity of identifying the true political preferences and expectations of our fellow citizens can be increased by using visual stimuli demonstrated through eye trackers, with which respondents work in a reversible mode. The obtained data also indicates that the use of such modes allows for the identification of even those components of personal representations that, according to the respondents, may contradict the most socially desirable ones.

The article analyzes textual descriptions of youth policy at Russian universities participating in the Priority 2030 program. The study sample consisted of 119 universities with diffe rent status (federal universities, national research universities, flagship universities, etc.), as well as of different institutional affiliation. Computer text analysis using the Python programming language was used to analyze models of youth policy.
The article substantiates the point that universities’ youth policies are overly differentiated and poorly integrated both within the university community and in terms of its compliance with federal regulatory documents regulating state youth policy. The author points to the fact that the youth policies of Russian universities do not have a unified socialization vector, and this, in the context of escalating geopolitical tensions, could become a factor of social disintegration and a decrease in the level of solidarity within Russian society.
As the conducted research has shown, the values of individualism, personal success and self-realization, orientation towards ‘world’ models and patterns are implicitly embedded in the models of youth policy. This circumstance may reduce the effect of educational influence on the younger generation, contributing to the formation of absenteeism and low civic and social activity.

The article presents the results of a comparative study of BRICS countries’ science diplomacy conceptual foundations. Science diplomacy is a system of interactions in building foreign policy, solving regional and global problems, establishing international scientific ties for the development of joint activities of the world scientific community aimed at increasing knowledge, and promoting the constructive international dialogue. This phenomenon is analysed in the article primarily as an instrument of foreign policy. As a result of operationalising the conceptual foundations identified by the qualitative content analysis, instrumental characteristics were formulated in each case to establish which approach to defining science diplomacy a state adheres to. These approaches were correlated with the roots of science diplomacy and considered in the context of contemporary conceptualisation of BRICS countries’ foreign policies.

The article analyses two opposing approaches to the study of modern Russian diplomacy. In foreign literature diplomacy is seen as an instrument of foreign policy, traditionally belonging to the international relations theory. As a result, most of the works are reduced to the study of different schools (neorealism, neoliberalism, constructivism, etc.) in order to construct models applicable to describing diplomatic activity (for example, the ‘two-level game model’). At the same time, such models do not take into account the narrow professional specifics of diplomatic institutions and, consequently, can be used on limited historical material. At the same time, Soviet and Russian researchers tend to favour empirical works of practicing diplomats who considered applied aspects of foreign policy through the lens of their professional experience. This paradigm is suitable for analysing specific country situations, but cannot be the basis for developing universal theoretical models that can be applied in foreign policy planning. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive vision of Russian diplomacy by combining the international experience of fundamental research with the domestic school of applied analysis.

The science of international relations is one of the young sciences, there is a different theoretical interpretation of international processes. The modern phase of world development is characterized by a turning point, which is reflected in theories. Science has already accumulated enough empirical material that needs to be structured, to reveal the evolution of international relations, and the factors that determine it. Attempts to replace international relations with world politics have no objective grounds. The Russian science of international relations, which is gradually forming and is in a state of self-realization in modern geopolitical, geoeconomic, and intercivilisational conditions, is increasing the potential of scientific research and is able to make a worthy contribution to the global science of international relations.

The main purpose of this article is to study the specifics of the 2025 presidential campaign in the Republic of Poland from the perspective of foreign policy analyses and strategies contained in the programs of the registered candidates. The author uses the method of comparative analysis of political programs in combination with the methods of qualitative political analysis. An analysis of the platform discussions in the 2025 presidential campaign leads to the following conclusions: candidates are approaching the publication of their fundamental views as a necessary attribute of the election campaign, relying primarily on political communication tools, targeted advertising on social media, and political debates. In the 2025 campaign, foreign policy discussions are absent from the election platforms of the two leading presidential candidates. However, some candidates facing an unsuccessful bid have focused on foreign policy issues, including proposing a reconsideration of Poland’s relations with the European Union and its neighbors.

The article examines various approaches to defining the concept of a ‘minor party’ and its characteristics within the current configuration of the party system in the Russian Federation. The author proposes a set of criteria for classifying a political party as a minor party and provides a historical overview of the functioning of minor parties in the Russian Federation’s party system, tracking changes in their number and configuration. Within the broader category of minor political parties, the author suggests a clustering approach based on the historical and genetic features of their emergence. Additionally, the article analyzes the survival and operational strategies of minor parties, as well as their forms of electoral participation. In conclusion, the author argues that minor political parties can become long-term and, in their own way, effective political projects, provided they achieve localized successes within their niche segments of the electoral landscape.

The article presents the conceptualization of contemporary electoral practices in the subject field of modern political science. The author considers the practice of introducing remote electronic voting as the most recent form of expression of citizens’ will and a direct element of the development of e-government in the Russian Federation in the context of large-scale digitalization of socio-political life. The main research areas of Russian authors are determined, key trends in the development of digital technologies in the political process and the electoral sphere are analyzed. The author also raises the issue of ensuring citizens’ trust in the remote electronic voting system, and examines associated risks in the context of international tension. The point about the need for the participation of Russian researchers and practitioners in conducting comprehensive interdisciplinary studies of contemporary electoral practices in order to counteract the negative effects of external information pressure is expressed.

The value of a personality, its socio-political role is a kind of indicator of the constitutional and legal status of the state as an institution that establishes and regulates a system of social relations and legal norms. Based on the analysis of a short period of Russian history, the article reveals the patterns of formation of scientific and axiological approaches of leading Russian liberal thinkers to the problem of the relationship between the individual and the state. Within the framework of the liberal discourse of Russian political thought, this topic was widely discussed in the middle of the 19th century due to its close contact with Western European culture and the introduction of liberal views and ideas into the socio-political life of the country. As is known, in classical liberalism, the rights and freedoms of an individual form the basis of legal definitions of the state and economic order, society being built on the assertion of civil liberties. Russian liberalism throughout the 19th century was characterized by a complex and sometimes contradictory understanding of individual liberty and the problem of interaction between the individual and the state: a person as a sovereign individual and at the same time as a subordinate part of the public-state space. These problems were the focus of attention of the leading thinkers and scholars of the period, united by the desire to consider an individual in his sovereign personal integrity, inscribed in the organic unity of a large sociocultural circle — the state.