In the 21th century, science is one of the key areas for the development of competition between leading countries. Each country strives to develop in accordance with the 4th industrial revolution and the 6th technological order. The development of science is impossible without the support of young scientists. To date, Russia has developed and approved an “Action plan to improve the support measures provided to young researchers” (approved on December 2, 2021). However, for the successful implementation of this program, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of these support measures and their perception by young researchers. This article reflects the data of the study of the research climate for young scientists in Russia in the context of political and economic challenges of 2020–2022. The results will help assess the effectiveness of the measures taken and suggest new steps to improve the research climate during the period of political and economic turbulence.