Foreign Policy Of The State: Features, Process, And Factors Influencing Decision Making

Abstract

The foreign policy of the state has its own specifics because its effectiveness depends on many circumstances that go beyond the framework of national sovereignty. Differences in approaches to the analysis of foreign policy, as well as in the definitions that are given to it, are explained by the variety of factors affecting it and its associated “diversity”. In general, foreign policy is both the general course of the state, the basic principles that characterize its position in a foreign environment, and the practical actions or behavior of the state outside its borders, finally, it is a complex, multi-level process of preparing and making appropriate decisions. Often, it is the process of making foreign policy decisions and related organizational, bureaucratic, psychological, and other problems that occupy a central place in the analysis of the state foreign policy. At the same time, for all the importance of the results of the analysis of the decision-making process, they do not give a complete picture of the foreign policy of the state, leaving without due attention its conceptual foundations and the behavior of the state in the international environment. Russian authors, without denying the place that decision-making takes in the foreign policy of the state, proposed to consider its formation and implementation in the unity and continuity of all its stages based on the concept of “ foreign policy process”. At the
same time, the need to pay attention to the dialectics of the factors of the foreign policy process is especially emphasized. In the light of the exacerbated value, culture and politics-based contradictions in the contemporary world, factors of civilizational, political, cultural, and regime nature affecting the foreign policy of states are attracting increasingly growing attention.

References

Alekseeva, T. A., and Kazantsev, A. A. Vneshnepoliticheskii protsess. Sravnitel’nyi analiz: Uchebnoe posobie dlia studentov vuzov. Moscow: Aspekt Press, 2012.
Allison, G. T. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1971.
Blum, W. Smertonosnyi eksport Ameriki — demokratiia. Pravda o vneshnei politike SShA i mnogom drugom. Moscow: Kuchkovo pole, 2014.
Bogaturov, A. D. Mezhdunarodno-politicheskii analiz. Moscow: Aspekt Press, 2017.
Bordachev, T. “Ne mat’ i ne machekha,” Rossiia v global’noi politike, Vol. 19, No. 6, 2021, pp. 194–211.
Bret, C. “COVID-19 Géopolitique du monde qui vient, » Diploweb, 2020, April 29, URL: https://www.diploweb.com/spip.php?page=imprimer&id_article=2143
Danilevskii, N. Ia. Rossiia i Evropa: Vzgliad na kul’turnye i politicheskie otnosheniia Slavianskogo mira k Germano-Romanskomu. / Ed. A.A. Galaktionov. 6th ed. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University Press: Glagol, 1995.
Dougherty, J. A., and Pfaltzgraff, R. L. Contending Theories of International Relations. A Comprehensive Survey. New York: Longman, 1997.
Étier, D. Introduction aux relations internationals. 4-ème éd. Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 2010.
Gantman, V. I. (ed.) Protsess formirovaniia i osushchestvleniia vneshnei politiki kapitalisticheskikh gosudarstv. Moscow: Nauka, 1981.
Greenstein, F. Personality and Politics: Problems of Evidence, Inference and Conceptualization. Chicago: Markham, 1969.
Hanania, R. Public Choice Theory and the Illusion of Grand Strategy: How Generals, Weapon Manufacturers, and Foreign Governments Shape American Foreign Policy. London: Routledge, 2022.
Hudson, V. M. “Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations,” Foreign Policy Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2005, pp. 1–30.
Huntington, S. “The Clash of Civilizations? ”Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No. 3, 1993, pp. 22–49.
Iakovlev, A. I. “Tsivilizatsionnoe izmerenie mirovoi politiki: problemy i vozmozhnosti, ”Kontury global’nykh transformatsii: politika, ekonomika, parvo, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2018, pp. 6–29.
Ivanov, I. S. “Vneshniaia politika Rossii na rubezhe KhKhI veka: problemy formirovaniia, evoliutsii i preemstvennosti,” Vneshniaia politika i bezopasnost’ sovremennoi Rossii, 1991–2002: Khrestomatiia: In 4 vols., ed. T. A. Shakleina, Vol. 1. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2002, pp. 204–232.
Jervis, R. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
Khrustalev, M. A. Analiz mezhdunarodnykh situatsii i politicheskaia ekspertiza. Moscow: Aspekt Press, 2015.
Khrustalev, M. A. Osnovy teorii vneshnei politiki gosudarstva: Uchebnoe posobie. Moscow: Nauka, 1984.
Kortunov, A. V. “Koronavirus: novyi bag ili ficha mirovoi politiki?” Rossiiskii sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam, March 15, 2020, URL: URL: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/koronavirus-novyy-bug-ili-ficha-mirovoy-politiki/
Kortunov, A. V. “Piat’ faktorov, kotorye delaiut Rossiiu takoi vliiatel’noi, i chto ei meshaet, ”Rossiiskii sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam, October 31, 2019, URL: https:// russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/pyat-faktorov-kotorye-delayutrossiyu-takoy-vliyatelnoy-i-chto-ey-meshaet/
Krasner, S. “Are Bureaucracies Important? (Or Allison Wonderland),” Foreign Policy, No. 7, 1972, pp. 159–179.
Kulikov, D. E., and Sergeitsev, T. N. Mirovoi krizis. Vostok i Zapad v novom veke. Moscow: Eksmo, 2017.
Lankov, A. N. “One Grand Disillusion,” Russia in Global Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2022, pp. 210–216.
Lomagin, N. A. (ed.) Vvedenie v teoriiu mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii i analiz vneshnei politiki. St. Petersburg: Sentiabr’, 2001.
Neustadt, R. Alliance Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970.
Nikonov, V. A. Kod tsivilizatsii. Chto zhdet Rossiiu v mire budushchego? Moscow: Eksmo, 2016.
Okuneva, E. S. “Kritika teorii «demokraticheskogo mira»: ot realizma k konstruktivizmu, ”Sravnitel’naia politika, No. 4, 2015, pp. 6–9.
Orlova, I. B. Evraziiskaia tsivilizatsiia. Sotsial’no-istoricheskaia retrospektiva i perspektiva. Moscow: NORMA, 1998.
Posen, A. S. “The End of Globalization? What Russia’s War in Ukraine Means for the World Economy,” Foreign Affairs, March 17, 2022, URL: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2022-03-17/end-globalization
Putnam, R. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics. The Logic of two-Level Games, ”International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, 1988, pp. 427–460.
Rosenau, J. N. “Moral Fervor, Systematic Analysis and Scientific Consciousness in Foreign Policy Research,” Political Science and Public Policy, Ed. A. Ranney. Chicago: Markham, 1968, pp. 197–236.
Rosenau, J. N. “Pre-Theories and Théories of Foreign Policy,” Approaches to Comparative and International Politics, ed. R.B. Farrel. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1966, pp. 27–92.
Seminatore, I. “La rencontre Biden — Poutine et le ‘moment charniere’ de l’OTAN: Orient-occident, la fatalité d’un affrontement,” Institut Européen des Relations Internationales, June 24, 2021,URL: http://www.ieri.be/fr/publications/wp/2021/juin/la-rencontre-biden-poutine-et-le-moment-charniere-de-lotan
Seminatore, I. “Stabilite contestée et guerres hégémoniques. Conf lits limités ou affrontement global?” Institut Européen des Relations Internationales, January 17, 2022, URL: http://www.ieri.be/fr/publications/wp/2022/janvier/stabilite-contestee-et-guerres-hegemoniques
Simon, H. “Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment,” Psychological Review, Vol. 63, No. 2, 1956, pp. 129–138.
Smouts, M.-С. “Que reste-t-il de la politique étrangère?” Pouvoirs: Revue française d’études constitutionnelles et politiques, No. 88, 1999, pp. 5–15. URL: https://revue-pouvoirs.fr/Que-reste-t-il-de-la-politique.html
Snyder, R. C., Bruck, H. W., and Sapin, B. Decision-Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University, Organizational Behavior Section, Foreign Policy Analysis Project, 1954.
Starikov, N. V. Geopolitika: Kak eto delaetsia. Moscow: Eksmo, 2019.
Stein, J. “L’analyse de la politique étrangère: à la recherche de groupes de variables dépendantes et indépendantes,” Études internationales, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1971, pp. 371–394.
Steinbruner, J. D. The Cybernetic Theory of Decision: New Dimensions of Political Analysis. Princeton. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1974.
Strel’tsov, D. V. (ed.) Vneshnepoliticheskii protsess na Vostoke: Uchebnoe posobie dlia studentov vuzov. Moscow: Aspekt Press, 2018.
Trenin, D. V. “Zagliadyvaia na piat’ let vpered. Ideologicheskie, geopoliticheskie i ekonomicheskie faktory rossiiskoi vneshnei politiki,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, April 3, 2018, URL: https://carnegie.ru/commentary/75903
Tsygankov, A. P., and Tsygankov, P. A. “Krizis idei ‘demokraticheskogo mira’,” Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, No. 3, 2005, pp. 33–44.
Tsygankov, A. P., and Tsygankov, P. A. “Teoriia ‘demokraticheskogo mira’ i mezhdunarodnaia real’nost’,” Sovremennaia mirovaia politika: Prikladnoi analiz, ed. A. D. Bogaturov. Moscow: Aspekt Press, 2010, pp. 167–181.
Wendt, A. Social Theory of Internationally Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.