Forms of Public Communication and Social Self-Organization in Russia in the First Half of the 19th Century

Abstract

This article examines the forms of public communication and public selforganization in Russia in the fi rst half of the 19th century. Such forms of public socialization as circles, salons, clubs, scientifi c organizations, and others are analyzed. The purpose of the study is to shed light on particular features of public communication and public self-organization in Russia during the period. Complex and contradictory processes were under way in both the society itself and in the relations between society and the state. On the one hand, the government contributed to social modernization, the development of new forms of self-organization by society. On the other hand, the government also tried to be as vigilant as possible in monitoring any manifestations of public activity, both by normative acts and by creating various control bodies.

References

1. Aronson, M., and Reiser, S. Literaturnye kruzhki i salony. Moscow: Agraf, 2001. 
2. Bradley, J. Obshchestvennye organizatsii v tsarskoi Rossii: nauka, patriotizm i grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: Transl. Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2012. 
3. Calhoun, C. (ed.) Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992.
4. Engel’gardt, N. A. Ocherk istorii russkoi tsenzury v sviazi s razvitiem pechati (1703–1903). St. Petersburg: Izdanie A.S. Suvorina, 1904. 
5. Grosul, V. Ia. Obshchestvennoe mnenie v Rossii 19 veka. Moscow: AIRO–XXI, 2013. 
6. Häfner, L. “Civil Society, Bürgertum i «mestnoe obshchestvo»: v poiskakh analiticheskikh kategoriĭ izucheniia obshchestvennoĭ i sotsial’noĭ modernizatsii v pozdneimperskoĭ Rossii,” Ab Imperio, No. 3, 2002, pp. 161–208. 
7. Hoffmann, S.-L. Sotsial‘noe obshchenie i demokratiia. Assotsiatsii i grazhdanskoe obshchestvo v transnatsional‘noi perspektive, 1750–1914, transl. Iu. V. Koriakov, and D. A. Sdvizhkov. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2017. 
8. Ivanov, A. E. Studencheskaia korporatsiia Rossii kontsa 19 — nachala 20 veka: opyt kul‘turnoi i politicheskoi samoorganizatsii. Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2004. 
9. “K istorii Moskovskogo Angliiskogo kluba (1802–1844),” Russkii arkhiv, No. 5, 1889, pp. 85–98. 
10. Khodnev, A. I. Istoriia Imperatorskogo Vol‘nogo ekonomicheskogo obshchestva s 1765 do 1865 goda. St. Petersburg: Tip. Tovarishchestva ‘Obshchestvennaia pol‘za’, 1865. 
11. Kupriianov, A. I. “Rossiiskoe blagorodnoe sobranie i modernizatsiia publichnoi zhizni v doreformennoi Rossii,” Ural‘skii istoricheskii vestnik, No. 4, 2015, pp. 36–44. 
12. Maiofis, M. L. Vozzvanie k Evrope: Literaturnoe obshchestvo «Arzamas» i rossiiskii modernizatsionnyi proekt 1815–1818 godov. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2008. 
13. Malinova, O. Iu. “Obshchestvo, publika, obshchestvennost‘ v Rossii serediny 19 — nachala 20 veka: Otrazhenie v poniatiiakh praktik publichnoĭ kommunikatsii i obshchestvennoĭ samodeiatel‘nosti,” ‘Poniatiia o Rossii’: K istoricheskoĭ semantike imperskogo perioda, Vol. I. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2012, pp. 428–463. 
14. Mironov, B. N. “Razvitie grazhdanskogo obshchestva v Rossii v XIX — nachale 20 veka,” Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost‘, No. 1, 2009, pp. 110–126. 
15. Morozova, E. N. “Puti formirovaniia novogo pokoleniia liberal‘noi biurokratii (konets 1830-kh — 1840-e gody),” Izvestiia Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaia seriia. Seriia: Istoriia. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2017, pp. 433–440. 
16. Motroshilova, N. V. “O sovremennom poniatii grazhdanskogo obshchestva,” Voprosy fi losofi i, No. 6, 2009, pp. 12–32. 
17. Perevezentsev, S. V., and Shiriniants, A. A. “Stranitsy istorii russkogo «khranitel‘stva»: literatura i politika,” Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta: Elektronnyi zhurnal, No. 4, 2016, p. 9. URL: https://evestnik-mgou. ru/ru/Articles/Doc/781 
18. Pietrov-Ennker, B., and Ul’ianova, G. N. (eds.) Grazhdanskaia identichnost’ i sfery grazhdanskoi deiatel’nosti v Rossiiskoi imperii. Vtoraia polovina 19 — nachalo 20 veka. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2007. 
19. Rozental’, I. S. ‘I vot obshchestvennoe mnen’e!’ Kluby v istorii rossiiskoi obshchestvennosti. Konets 18 — nachalo 20 vekov. Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2007. 
20. Shevchenko, M. M. Konets odnogo Velichiia: Vlast’, obrazovanie i pechatnoe slovo v Imperatorskoi Rossii na poroge Osvoboditel’nykh reform. Moscow: Tri kvadrata, 2003. 
21. Sidorova, M. V., and Shcherbakova, E. I. (eds.) Rossiia pod nadzorom: Otchety III Otdeleniia 1827–1869. Moscow: Rossiiskii fond kul’tury, 2006. Tocqueville, A. de. Demokratiia v Amerike. Moscow: Ves’ Mir, 2000. 
22. Tumanova, A. S. “Grazhdanskoe obshchestvo v usloviiakh povysheniia obshchestvennoi aktivnosti v istoricheskoi retrospektive: sluchai Vol’nogo ekonomicheskogo obshchestva,” XV Aprel’skaia mezhdunarodnaia nauchnaia konferentsiia po problemam razvitiia ekonomiki i obshchestva: In 4 vol., ed. E. G. Iasin. Vol. 2. Moscow: Higher School of Economics Press, 2015, pp. 415–423. 
23. Tumanova, A. S. Obshchestvennye organizatsii i russkaia publika v nachale 20 veka. Moscow: Novyi khronograf, 2008. 
24. Tumanova, A. S. Samoorganizatsiia rossiiskoi obshchestvennosti v poslednei treti 18 — nachale 20 veka. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2011; 
25. Voskresenskaia, M. A. “Stanovlenie kul’turno-prosvetitel’skoĭ funktsii zhurnalistiki v dorevoliutsionnoĭ Rossii,” Istorik, dokument, tsenzura. Istochnikovedcheskie i istoriografi cheskie aspekty izucheniia istorii otechestvennoĭ i zarubezhnoĭ periodiki. Sbornik statei k 60-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia V.F. Blokhina. St. Petersburg: Gegemon, 2015, pp. 17–26.