The Confi guration of Spheres of Mutual Relations and Mutual Infl uence of Political Parties and Social Movements

Abstract

This article provides an overview of various aspects of the relationships between political parties and social movements that form incentives, strategies and results of alliances between them. The electoral aspect describes how movements mobilize the electorate for parties. The state and political-parliamentary aspect is the provision by parties of opportunities for movements to infl uence adopted laws. The agenda and lobbying aspect is the ability of movements to pursue their interests through parties and for parties and movements to use each other to draw public attention to specifi c issues. The identity aspect is the cultivation and dissemination of social identities as a result of the union of parties and movements. The aspect of adversarial politics is the assistance of parties to movements when the latter act in the interests of the parties, but using non-parliamentary methods. The aspect of protests and “street politics” is the representation of movements by parties in parliament in exchange for representation by movements of parties on the street. The aspect of external context and crises is the assistance of movements to parties to consolidate society or completely transfer this prerogative to the movements. The aspect of the autocratic context and democratic transformations is the transformation of relations between movements and parties in autocracies, transitional regimes, and new and established democracies. These interactions are characterized by a regular exchange and “barter” of memberships, support, resources, ideas, and, of course, power between actors of varying degrees of institutionalization. The author demonstrates that such unions are sooner or later characterized by attempts of the allies to subordinate, co-opt and instrumentalize each other, to impose their own ideological and programmatic basis and structural model on one another.

References

1. Almeida, P. “Social Movement Partyism: Collective Action and Political Parties,” Strategic Alliances: Social Movement Coalitions, eds. N. van Dyke, and H. McCammon. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010, pp. 170–196. 
2. Amenta, E. When Movements Matter: The Townsend Plan and the Rise of Social Security. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. 
3. Amenta, E., and Young, M. “Making an Impact: The Conceptual and Methodological Implications of the Collective Benefi ts Criterion,” How Social Movements Matter, eds. M. Giugni, D. McAdam, and Ch. Tilly. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999, pp. 22–41. 
4. Amenta, E., Caren, N., Chiarello, E., and Su, Y. “The Political Consequences of Social Movements,” Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 36, 2010, pp. 287–307. 
5. Banaszak, A. “Inside and Outside the State: Movement Insider Status, Tactics, and Public Policy Achievements,” Routing the Opposition: Social Movements, Public Policy, and Democracy, eds. D.S. Meyer, V. Jenness, and H. Ingram. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005, pp. 149–176. 
6. Berry, J. The New Liberalism: The Rising Power of Citizen Groups. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1999. Beyers, J. “Voice and Access: Political Practices of European Interest Associations,” European Union Politics, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2004, pp. 211–240. 
7. Bohm, T. “Activists in Politics: The Infl uence of Embedded Activists on the Success of Social Movements,” Social Problems, Vol. 62, No. 4, 2015, pp. 477–498. 
8. Burnstein, P., Einwohner, R., and Hollander, J. “The Success of Political Movements: A Bargaining Perspective,” The Politics of Social Protest: Comparative Perspectives on States and Social, eds. C. Jenkins, and B. Klandermans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995, pp. 275–295. 
9. Burstein, P. “Social Movements and Public Policy,” How Social Movements Matter, eds. M. Giugni, D. McAdam, and Ch. Tilly. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999, pp. 3–21. 
10. Chironi, D., and Fittipaldi, R. “Social Movements and New Forms of Political Irganization: Podemos as a Hybrid Party,” The Open Journal of Sociopolitical Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2017, pp. 275–305. 
11. Cisar, O., and Vrablikova, K. At the Parliament or in the Streets? Issue Composition of Contentious Politics in the Visegrad Countries: Paper prepared for the ECPR General Conference (Université de Montréal, 26–29 August 2015), URL: https://www.academia.edu/16549661 
12. Crabtree, J. “Democracy without Parties? Some Lessons from Peru,” Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2010, pp. 357–382. 
13. Crabtree, J. Patterns of Protest: Politics and Social Movements in Bolivia. London: Latin America Bureau, 2005. 
14. Della Porta, D., Fernandez, J., Kouki, H., and Mosca, L. Movement Parties. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. 
15. Diani, M. “Social Movements and Social Capital: A Network Perspective on Movement Outcomes,” Mobilization, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1995, pp. 129–147. 
16. Diani, M. “The Concept of Social Movement,” The Sociological Review, Vol. 40, No. 1, 1992, pp. 1–25. 
17. Dyke, N. van. “Protest Cycles and Party Politics: The Eff ects of Elite Allies and Antagonists on Student Protest in the United States, 1930–1990,” States, Parties, and Social Movements, ed. J. Goldstone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 226–245. 
18. Gamson, W. The Strategy of Social Protest. Homewood: Dorsey, 1990. 
19. Gamson, W., and Wolfsfeld, G. “Movements and Media as Interacting Systems,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 528, 1993, pp. 114–125. 
20. Goldstone, J. “Introduction: Bridging Institutionalized and Noninstitutionalized Politics,” States, Parties, and Social Movements, ed. J. Goldstone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 1–24. 
21. Goldstone, J. (ed.) States, Parties, and Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 
22. Grey, S. Can We Measure the Infl uence of Social Movements? Working paper, Political Science Program Seminar (September 18, 2002), URL: https://openresearchrepository. anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41810/4/sandragrey.pdf 
23. Heaney, M., and Rojas, F. “Partisans, Nonpartisans, and the Antiwar Movement in the United States,” American Politics Research, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2007, pp. 431–464. 
24. Hutter, S., Kriesi, H., and Lorenzini, J. “Social Movements in Interaction with Political Parties,” The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, eds. D. Snow, S. Soule, H. Kriesi, and H. McCammon. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2018, pp. 322–337. 
25. Kitschelt, H. “Landscapes of Political Interest Intermediation. Social Movements, Interest Groups, and Parties in the Early Twenty-First Century,” Social Movements and Democracy, ed. P. Ibarra. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 81–104. 
26. Kitschelt, H. “New Social Movements and the Decline of Party Organization,” Challenging the Political Order, eds. D. Russell, and M. Keuechler. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 179–208. 
27. Kitschelt, H. “Political Opportunity Structures and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies,” British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1986, pp. 57–95. 
28. Kitschelt, H. The Logics of Party Formation. Ecological Politics in Belgium and West Germany. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989. 
29. Kollman, K. Outside Lobbying. Public Opinion & Interest Group Strategies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. 
30. Koopmans, R. “Social Movements,” The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, eds. R. Dalton, and H. Klingemann. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 693–707. 
31. Kriesi, H. “Party Systems, Electoral Systems, and Social Movements,” The Oxford Handbook of Social Movements, eds. D. Della Porta, and M. Diani. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 667–680. 
32. Kriesi, H. “The Political Opportunity Structure of the Dutch Peace Movement,” West European Politics, Vol. 12, 1989, pp. 295–312. 
33. Kriesi, H., and Wisler, D. “Social Movements and Direct Democracy in Switzerland,” European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1996, pp. 19–40. 
34. Kriesi, H., Koopmans, R., Duyvendak, J., and Giugni, M. New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995. 
35. Lee, Y. “Diverging Patterns of Democratic Representations in Korea and Taiwan: Political Parties and Social Movements,” Asian Survey, Vol. 54, No. 3, 2014, pp. 419–444. 
36. McAdam, D., and Tarrow, S. “Ballots and Barricades: On the Reciprocal Relationship between Elections and Social Movements,” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2010, pp. 529–542. 
37. McAdam, D., and Tarrow, S. “Social Movements and Elections: Toward a Broader Understanding of the Political Context of Contention,” The Future of Social Movement Research: Dynamics, Mechanisms, and Processes, eds. J. Van Stekelenburg, C. Rogeband, and B. Klandermans. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013, pp. 325–346. 
38. McAdam, D., McCarthy, D., and Zald, N. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 
39. McCarthy, J., and Zald, N. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 82, No. 6, 1977, pp. 1212–1241. 
40. Nogueira, A. “Institutionalization of Rural Social Movements in the Lula Government and the Decline of Land Reform in Brazil: Co-option, Political Identity, and Agency,” Analise Social, Vol. 53, No. 227, 2018, pp. 362–387. 
41. Norris, P. “Political Activism: New Challenges, New Opportunities,” The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, eds. C. Boix, and S. Stokes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 628–652. 
42. Oliver, P., and Maney, G. “Political Processes and Local Newspaper Coverage of Protest Events: From Selection Bias to Triadic Interactions,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 106, No. 2, 2000, pp. 463–505. 
43. Olzak, S., and Soule, S. “Cross-Cutting Infl uences of Environmental Protest and Legislation,” Social Forces, Vol. 88, No. 1, 2009, pp. 201–225. 
44. Piccio, R. “The Impact of Social Movements on Political Parties,” The Consequences of Social Movements, ed. L. Bosi. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016, pp. 263–284. 
45. Poguntke, T. “The New Politics Dimension in European Green Parties,” New Politics in Western Europe. The Rise and Success of Green Parties and Alternative Lists, ed. F. Müller-Rommel. Boulder: Westview, 1989, pp. 175–194. 
46. Rucht, D. “The EU as a Target of Mobilisation: Is There a Europeanisation of Confl ict?” L’Action collective en Europe, eds. R. Balme, D. Chabanet, and V. Wright. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2002, pp. 163–194. 
47. Silke, A., Berkel, B., and Pfetsch, B. “Media Opportunity Structures. A Brake Block for the Europeanisation of Public Spheres?” The Transformation of Political Mobilisation and Communication in European Public Spheres, ed. D. Della Porta. Berlin: Wissensschaftszentrum Berlin, 2004, pp. 243–246. 
48. Suh, D. “Institutionalizing Social Movements: The Dual Strategy of the Korean Women’s Movement,” The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 3, 2011, pp. 442–471. 
49. Tarrow, S. Power in Movement. Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 
50. Tarrow, S., and Tilly, Ch. “Contentious Politics and Social Movements,” The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, eds. C. Boix, and S. Stokes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 435–461. 
51. Tresch, A., and Fischer, M. “In Search of Political Infl uence: Outside Lobbying Behavior and Media Coverage of Social Movements, Interest Groups and Political Parties in Six Western European Countries,” International Political Science Review, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2015, pp. 355–372. 
52. Zald, N., and McCarthy, J. Social Movements in an Organizational Society. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1987.