Конфигурация сфер взаимоотношений и взаимовлияния политических партий и общественных движений
Аннотация
В статье представлен обзор различных аспектов во взаимоотношениях политических партий и социальных движений, формирующих стимулы, стратегии и результаты союзов между ними. Электоральный аспект ха- рактеризует, как движения мобилизуют электорат для партий. Государ- ственный и политико-парламентский аспект — предоставление партиями возможности движениям влиять на принимаемые законы. Аспект повестки дня и лоббирования — возможность для движений реализовывать свои интересы с помощью партий и использование партиями и движениями друг друга с целью привлечения общественного внимания к конкретным проблемам. Аспект идентичности — культивирование и распространение социальных идентичностей в результате союза партий и движений. Аспект состязательной политики — помощь партий движениям, когда последние действуют в интересах партий, но непарламентскими методами. Аспект протестов и «уличной политики» — представление партиями движений в парламенте взамен на представление движениями партий на улице. Аспект внешнего контекста и кризисов — помощь движений партиям для консо- лидации общества или полный переход этой прерогативы к движениям. Аспект автократического контекста и демократических преобразований — трансформация отношений движений и партий в автократиях, переходных режимах, новых и устоявшихся демократиях. Данные взаимодействия характеризуются регулярным обменом и «бартером» членств, поддержки, ресурсов, смыслов и, конечно же, власти между акторами различной степени институализации. Было выявлено, что подобные союзы рано или поздно характеризуются попытками союзников подчинить, кооптировать и инструментализировать друг друга, навязать союзнику свой идейно-про- граммный базис и структурную модель.
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Ключевые слова: политические партии; партийная система; общественные движения; социальные движения; гражданский активизм; гражданское общество; публичная политика; состязательная политика
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